{"id":92,"date":"2016-10-04T21:24:42","date_gmt":"2016-10-04T12:24:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/cassini.kyoto-svp.com\/?p=92"},"modified":"2016-10-04T21:24:42","modified_gmt":"2016-10-04T12:24:42","slug":"%e3%82%b3%e3%83%b3%e3%83%9d%e3%82%b8%e3%83%83%e3%83%88%e8%b5%a4%e5%a4%96%e5%88%86%e5%85%89%e8%a8%88%ef%bc%88cirs%ef%bc%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cassini.kyoto-svp.com\/?p=92","title":{"rendered":"\u30b3\u30f3\u30dd\u30b8\u30c3\u30c8\u8d64\u5916\u5206\u5149\u8a08\uff08CIRS\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script><br \/>\n<script>\n  (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({\n    google_ad_client: \"ca-pub-7449767836059688\",\n    enable_page_level_ads: true\n  });\n<\/script><br \/>\n\u30aa\u30ea\u30b8\u30ca\u30eb\u8a18\u4e8b\uff1a<a href=\"https:\/\/saturn.jpl.nasa.gov\/composite-infrared-spectrometer\/\" target=\"_blank\">Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS)\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n<p>CIRS data showed the unexpected and bizarre pattern of daytime temperatures found on Saturn&#8217;s small inner moon Mimas.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>How It Works<\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Cassini\u2019s Composite Infrared Spectrometer, or CIRS, captures infrared light and splits the light into its component wavelengths (or colors) and then measures the strength of the light at each of those wavelengths primarily to measure the temperature of objects, but also their composition.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>How We Use It<\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>By studying the temperatures, as well as the composition of features in the Saturnian system, scientists can study the miriad properties of Saturn\u2019s moons and can learn about how seasons affect Saturn\u2019s atmosphere and rings.<\/p>\n<p>Our sun and other stars aren\u2019t the only things that naturally emit light. Humans do too, and so does everything else in the universe that\u2019s not at a temperature of absolute zero. But because humans are nowhere near as hot as the sun, we emit lower-energy forms of light, at infrared wavelengths. The same is true of Saturn\u2019s clouds, rings and moons.<\/p>\n<p>Spectrometers use lenses, mirrors, and other hardware to dissassemble light into its component wavelengths, similar to how raindrops spread the sun\u2019s light into a rainbow. Cassini\u2019s infrared spectrometer performs the same trick but at infrared wavelengths of light instead of visible wavelengths.<br \/>\nSlower Spinning Rings<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov\/browse\/PIA03561.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"256\" height=\"256\" \/><br \/>\nTemperature changes throughout Saturn&#8217;s main rings, as measured by CIRS, indicate that Saturn ring particles spin slowly compared to their orbital periods of 6 to 14 hours. They may spin several times per orbit to less than one time per orbit.<\/p>\n<p>CIRS measures the infrared thermal radiation from planetary targets, be it atmospheres, surfaces, or ring particles. Because of this, it functions as a remote-sensing thermometer, and determines the targets\u2019 temperatures. It also determines the chemical composition of the targets because the various molecules leave different \u201cfingerprints&#8221; in the observed spectrum &#8212; they preferentially absorb and emit infrared radiation at different specific wavelengths in the spectrum. In other words, their presence shows up as different lines in the spectrum.<\/p>\n<p>By analyzing an object\u2019s light with a spectrometer, scientists can determine its temperature and some of the materials it\u2019s made of. When pointed at Saturn\u2019s atmosphere, for example, a spectrometer would reveal a series of bright lines indicating that the spectrometer observed methane gas.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIf you think about a rainbow, water drops take sunlight and split it up into different colors \u2013 a spectrum. That\u2019s what we do for heat,\u201d explained Conor Nixon, a space scientist at NASA\u2019s Goddard Space Flight Center who is on the Cassini CIRS team. &#8220;By measuring the infrared spectrum we can tell what gases are in the atmosphere, and how much of each one.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>The atmospheres of Saturn, and its moon Titan, are composed of different gases distributed in layers upon layers of varying temperatures that decrease and increase from the surface up into space. Data from the instrument helps scientists determine what those atmospheric layers are composed of and how warm they are.<\/p>\n<p>CIRS has also helped decipher the mystery of the plume jetting out of Saturn\u2019s moon Enceladus. The water jets spraying out from the moon\u2019s south polar region originate from cracks in Enceladus\u2019 water-ice surface. \u201cThe cracks were seen by the Cassini imaging cameras (ISS), but CIRS was able to tell that they are much hotter than the surroundings,&#8221; Nixon said. \u201cThe unique thing about CIRS is we can see these cracks glowing, tell their temperature, and estimate how much heat Enceladus is losing.\u201d The amount of heat being given off by Enceladus has important implications for its potential habitability for simple forms of life.<\/p>\n<p>CIRS has taken the temperature of the rings throughout the mission to learn about their composition and structure, including insights into the structure of individual particles. This included the brief period during Saturn\u2019s equinox, when the sunlight moved from the north to the south side of the ringplane, allowing the rings to cool extensively.<br \/>\nComposite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS)<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/saturn.jpl.nasa.gov\/internal_resources\/119\" alt=\"\" width=\"1424\" height=\"1068\" \/>\n<h2>At A Glance<\/h2>\n<p>CIRS is a spectrometer, which means that it splits light into different colors, like a glass prism, or a raindrop creating a rainbow. CIRS is special because it is sensitive to invisible heat rays, or infrared light, rather than ordinary visible light. CIRS measures the strength of the different colors, or &#8216;wavelengths&#8217; of heat rays, given off by a planet.<\/p>\n<p>CIRS Sensing Instruments:<\/p>\n<p>Far-Infrared Focal Plane [FP1] (16.67 to 1000 \u00b5m; 4.3 mrad circular field of view)<br \/>\nMid-Infrared Focal Plane [FP3] (9.09 to 16.67 \u00b5m; 1&#215;10 array of 0.273 mrad squares)<br \/>\nMid-Infrared Focal Plane [FP4] (7.16 to 9.09 \u00b5m; 1&#215;10 array of 0.273 mrad squares)<\/p>\n<p>CIRS Instrument Characteristics:<\/p>\n<p>Mass (current best estimate) = 39.24 kg<br \/>\nPeak Operating Power (current best estimate) = 32.89 W<br \/>\nAverage Operating Power (current best estimate) = 26.37 W<br \/>\nPeak Data Rate (current best estimate) = 6.000 kilobits\/sec<br \/>\nDimensions (approximate) = 50-cm diameter telescope; 89 cm x 76 cm x 52 cm<\/p>\n<p>For more information, see the engineering technical write-up or visit the science team&#8217;s Web site: http:\/\/cirs.gsfc.nasa.gov\/.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u30aa\u30ea\u30b8\u30ca\u30eb\u8a18\u4e8b\uff1aComposite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS)\u00a0 CIRS data showed the unexpected and bizarre pattern of daytime&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":93,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[15],"tags":[18,16,17],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cassini.kyoto-svp.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/92"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cassini.kyoto-svp.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cassini.kyoto-svp.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cassini.kyoto-svp.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cassini.kyoto-svp.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=92"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/cassini.kyoto-svp.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/92\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":95,"href":"https:\/\/cassini.kyoto-svp.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/92\/revisions\/95"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cassini.kyoto-svp.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/93"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cassini.kyoto-svp.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=92"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cassini.kyoto-svp.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=92"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cassini.kyoto-svp.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=92"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}